Accessing open data with R

We are going to explore the Maryland Open Data Portal and Maryland iMap including:

Exploring Maryland’s Open Data Portal and using an export URL to access data
- Using the {httr2} package to access an API
- Working with the {RSocrata} to access the API
Exploring web services using the Maryland iMap portal
- Using the {esri2sf} package to access ArcGIS Feature Services
Using the {labelled} and {dplyr} packages when working with labels and dictionaries

Accessing Maryland’s Open Data Portal

Downloading data from Maryland’s Open Data Portal

Rows: 2,068
Columns: 18
$ `Unique Identifier`                                           <chr> "fac887d…
$ `Dataset Name`                                                <chr> "MD Cong…
$ Link                                                          <chr> "https:/…
$ `Agency Performing Data Updates`                              <chr> "NULL", …
$ Owner                                                         <chr> "mdimapd…
$ `Data Provided By`                                            <chr> "NULL", …
$ `Source URL`                                                  <chr> "https:/…
$ `Update Frequency`                                            <chr> "NULL", …
$ `Date of Most Recent Data Change`                             <chr> "01/01/1…
$ `Days Since Most Recent Data Change`                          <dbl> -9999, 2…
$ `Date of Most Recent Change (Data Change or Metadata Change)` <chr> "01/01/1…
$ `Updated Recently Enough?`                                    <chr> "NULL", …
$ `Number of Rows`                                              <dbl> -9999, 1…
$ `Tags / Keywords`                                             <chr> "COVID-1…
$ `Column Names`                                                <chr> "NULL", …
$ `Missing Metadata Fields`                                     <chr> "NULL", …
$ Portal                                                        <chr> "Data Ca…
$ Category                                                      <chr> "Coronav…

Using the Socrata API and the `{httr2}` package

Create a request with httr2::request()

The basic steps to working with an API is to first create a request:

Extracting the body from the response httr2::resp_body_json()

Now, we need to perform the request and extract the body of the response:

Explore and subset the response object

Lastly, you need to get the data you need from the response:

[1] "@context"    "@id"         "@type"       "conformsTo"  "describedBy"
[6] "dataset"

List of 6
 $ @context   : chr "https://project-open-data.cio.gov/v1.1/schema/catalog.jsonld"
 $ @id        : chr "https://opendata.maryland.gov/data.json"
 $ @type      : chr "dcat:Catalog"
 $ conformsTo : chr "https://project-open-data.cio.gov/v1.1/schema"
 $ describedBy: chr "https://project-open-data.cio.gov/v1.1/schema/catalog.json"
 $ dataset    :'data.frame':    1421 obs. of  14 variables:
  ..$ accessLevel : chr [1:1421] "public" "public" "public" "public" ...
  ..$ landingPage : chr [1:1421] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/d/22u4-qttg" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/d/22us-f9mm" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/d/24pb-qune" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/d/25pi-9r47" ...
  ..$ issued      : chr [1:1421] "2016-07-22" "2021-08-31" "2016-07-22" "2022-09-22" ...
  ..$ @type       : chr [1:1421] "dcat:Dataset" "dcat:Dataset" "dcat:Dataset" "dcat:Dataset" ...
  ..$ modified    : chr [1:1421] "2020-01-25" "2021-09-01" "2020-01-25" "2022-09-22" ...
  ..$ keyword     :List of 1421
  .. ..$ : chr [1:20] "active pound net sites" "adult habitat" "artificial reef" "biot" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:15] "boundary" "counties" "county" "dynamic" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:45] "bays" "bay use" "bay uses" "charter transport" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:15] "administration" "award" "co2" "cost" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:12] "accident" "car" "crash" "department of maryland state police" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "afo"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:6] "adolescent" "mdh" "ship" "state health improvement process" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:48] "2019" "allegany" "anne arundel" "baltimore" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:14] "bndy" "boundary" "dnr" "dynamic" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:5] "mdh" "state health improvement process" "suids" "vital stats" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:15] "biot" "biota" "chesapeake" "coastal bays" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:26] "airport" "bus" "kml" "light rail" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:13] "acquisitions" "dnr" "dynamic" "environment" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:17] "aquatics" "biot" "biota" "dnr" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:12] "dynamic" "kml" "maryland" "maryland sports" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:12] "broadband" "cgis" "dynamic" "esrgc" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:11] "2010" "census designated places" "census urban areas" "kml" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:45] "bays" "bay use" "bay uses" "charter transport" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:9] "auto" "container" "general cargo" "maryland port administration" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:4] "council" "council on open data" "maryland open data" "meetings"
  .. ..$ : chr [1:16] "cached" "cadastre" "department of planning" "dynamic" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:7] "household age" "mdp" "planning" "population" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:7] "aggravated assault" "goccp" "homicide" "public safety" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:19] "bathymetry" "chesapeake bay depth" "coastal bays depth" "department of natural resources" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:7] "current" "dollars" "federal" "government" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:6] "bay" "chesapeake bay" "cover crops" "nitrogen" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:16] "chrc" "community health resource commission" "department of health and mental hygiene" "dhmh" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:12] "dynamic" "kml" "maryland" "maryland sports" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:9] "accident" "car" "circum" "crash" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:15] "conservation" "dnr" "dynamic" "environment" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:13] "empower" "empower maryland" "empower md" "energy conservation" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "caseload" "support order"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:9] "accident" "car" "circum" "crash" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:17] "cadastral" "cama" "computer assisted mass appraisal" "department of planning" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:15] "biot" "biota" "chesapeake bay horseshoe crab habitat" "chesapeake bay terrapin habitat" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:15] "biot" "biota" "chesapeake bay horseshoe crab habitat" "chesapeake bay terrapin habitat" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:36] "area" "base realignment and closure" "brac" "bsec" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "air quality" "mde" "ozone"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:23] "covid-19" "coronavirus" "covid" "disease" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:7] "brfss" "flu" "flu vaccine" "flu vacinations" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:19] "baseline" "department of natural resources" "dnr" "dynamic" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:15] "biot" "biota" "chesapeake" "coastal bays" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:8] "attainment" "compare" "degree" "education" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:5] "anne arundel" "crime" "property crime" "public safety" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:4] "mdp" "migration" "planning" "total"
  .. ..$ : chr [1:53] "covid-19" "coronavirus" "covid" "disease" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:14] "dnr" "dynamic" "environment" "envl" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:14] "dnr" "dynamic" "environment" "envl" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:20] "estuarine waters" "flowing waters" "hydr" "hydrology" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:5] "bids" "emaryland marketplace" "emm" "maryland" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:5] "conservation" "department of general services" "dgs" "electricity" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:2] "maryland department of the environment - land management administration (lma) - solid waste enforcement actions" "solid waste enforcement actions"
  .. ..$ : chr [1:17] "department of planning" "dynamic" "hist" "historic" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:6] "cso" "mde" "sewer overflow" "sso" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:36] "area" "base realignment and closure" "brac" "bsec" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:45] "bays" "bay use" "bay uses" "charter transport" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:13] "chesapeake bay trust fund" "dnr" "dynamic" "environment" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:18] "cai" "community anchor institutions" "coordination and analysis center" "dynamic" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:19] "beaches" "bulk density" "carbon" "coastal process" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:16] "chrc" "community health resource commission" "department of health and mental hygiene" "dhmh" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:12] "dynamic" "kml" "maryland" "maryland sports" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:12] "bndy" "boundaries" "dynamic" "esri" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:15] "biot" "biota" "chesapeake bay horseshoe crab habitat" "chesapeake bay terrapin habitat" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "dllr" "economy" "ui"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:6] "easements" "fca" "forest" "forest conservation" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:12] "dynamic" "kml" "maryland" "maryland sports" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:17] "dynamic" "kml" "license" "maryland" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr [1:15] "dynamic" "environment" "envl" "kml" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:6] "pregnancy" "prenatal" "ship" "state health improvement process" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:6] "establishments" "mdp" "number" "planning" ...
  .. ..$ : chr [1:3] "performance" "transit" "trips"
  .. .. [list output truncated]
  ..$ contactPoint:'data.frame':    1421 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. ..$ @type   : chr [1:1421] "vcard:Contact" "vcard:Contact" "vcard:Contact" "vcard:Contact" ...
  .. ..$ fn      : chr [1:1421] "Open Data Administrator" "Sarah.Mcdermott@maryland.gov" "Open Data Administrator" "Susanne.Forno2@maryland.gov" ...
  .. ..$ hasEmail: chr [1:1421] "mailto:no-reply@opendata.maryland.gov" "mailto:no-reply@opendata.maryland.gov" "mailto:no-reply@opendata.maryland.gov" "mailto:no-reply@opendata.maryland.gov" ...
  ..$ publisher   :'data.frame':    1421 obs. of  2 variables:
  .. ..$ @type: chr [1:1421] "org:Organization" "org:Organization" "org:Organization" "org:Organization" ...
  .. ..$ name : chr [1:1421] "opendata.maryland.gov" "opendata.maryland.gov" "opendata.maryland.gov" "opendata.maryland.gov" ...
  ..$ identifier  : chr [1:1421] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/22u4-qttg" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/22us-f9mm" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/24pb-qune" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/25pi-9r47" ...
  ..$ description : chr [1:1421] "This is a MD iMAP hosted service. Find more information at  http://imap.maryland.gov. The Maryland Artificial R"| __truncated__ "" "This is a MD iMAP hosted service. Find more information at  http://imap.maryland.gov. In 1993 -  the Maryland D"| __truncated__ "" ...
  ..$ title       : chr [1:1421] "MD iMAP: Maryland Finfish - Maryland Artificial Reef Initiative Center Points" "Table of Contents" "MD iMAP: Maryland Political Boundaries - ZIP Codes" "Leadership Analysis of FY22 and Summary of FY23 Approach" ...
  ..$ distribution:List of 1421
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/cffdac5749c94f9c818c836fd4b6d297_8"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/38f3f8bc61bb4261b59d71b3642e3cd6_3"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/30131f81da1d477abd7e4fe0b39c9a85_11"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type          : chr [1:4] "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/26ni-9b4w/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/26ni-9b4w/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/26ni-9b4w/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/26ni-9b4w/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/26ni-9b4w/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/26ni-9b4w/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/26ni-9b4w/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "https://opendata.maryland.gov/download/276v-wfg2/application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type          : chr [1:4] "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/28jw-bc4e/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/28jw-bc4e/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/28jw-bc4e/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/28jw-bc4e/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/28jw-bc4e/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/28jw-bc4e/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/28jw-bc4e/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type          : chr [1:4] "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/295p-hin3/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/295p-hin3/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/295p-hin3/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/295p-hin3/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/295p-hin3/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/295p-hin3/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/295p-hin3/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/e8c38f75ba9b483ab4e668c86e33a1fa_0"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type          : chr [1:4] "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2akn-e5mq/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2akn-e5mq/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2akn-e5mq/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2akn-e5mq/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2akn-e5mq/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2akn-e5mq/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2akn-e5mq/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/00d326f1705e406fa7f345a764cee57f_1"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/4a36b779938e4eb5a1344ebc3b906805_21"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/b157b1bd016040398c25d4d6c0eb4edd_28"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/0083a56b14ec45219e01dac4c6436432_10"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/fb5ffc24b1164b2ca57d1492a4733823_34"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/aa1afe3703c0450697e13f55ace97aa8_4"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/008cbfc9d1d34644864b6b0110f318ab_1"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/1a1758552aea406292952b6e0d50d65f_21"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type          : chr [1:4] "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2ir4-626w/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2ir4-626w/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2ir4-626w/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2ir4-626w/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2ir4-626w/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2ir4-626w/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2ir4-626w/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type          : chr [1:4] "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2km2-yd5w/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2km2-yd5w/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2km2-yd5w/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2km2-yd5w/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2km2-yd5w/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2km2-yd5w/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/2km2-yd5w/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/97717f333baf4e79abb7ab8098a99ee5_0"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
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  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3jc5-vba5/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3jc5-vba5/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3jc5-vba5/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3jc5-vba5/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
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  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type          : chr [1:4] "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3mx4-ye7a/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3mx4-ye7a/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3mx4-ye7a/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3mx4-ye7a/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
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  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/a4d93683504e4c2598bfe3840ef8aeaf_0"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3rgd-zjxx/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3rgd-zjxx/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3rgd-zjxx/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3rgd-zjxx/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
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  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/c702c4e7c19e498c95c9a7a1ef06bf02_9"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/32d1cde736db4d9dafe9104e57b57edb_71"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3x6e-7i3k/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3x6e-7i3k/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3x6e-7i3k/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3x6e-7i3k/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3x6e-7i3k/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3x6e-7i3k/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/3x6e-7i3k/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 6 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr [1:6] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/geospatial/3y3n-ez6k?method=export&format=KML" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/geospatial/3y3n-ez6k?method=export&format=KMZ" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/geospatial/3y3n-ez6k?method=export&format=Shapefile" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/geospatial/3y3n-ez6k?method=export&format=Original" ...
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr [1:6] "application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml" "application/vnd.google-earth.kmz" "application/zip" "application/zip" ...
  .. ..$ : NULL
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  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type      : chr "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/a1be926fcbe149659340621ea9cf4bc8_3"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/8525d72d50eb4ff7b2a13b34452390cf_0"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type          : chr [1:4] "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4772-h7uy/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4772-h7uy/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4772-h7uy/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4772-h7uy/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
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  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 1 obs. of  3 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ downloadURL: chr "http://data.imap.maryland.gov/datasets/c37ed894979e4ab895fc8175958dea6c_0"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType  : chr "text/html"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/48en-6hyz/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/48en-6hyz/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/48en-6hyz/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/48en-6hyz/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/48en-6hyz/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/48en-6hyz/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/48en-6hyz/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
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  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4ad6-9yvy/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4ad6-9yvy/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4ad6-9yvy/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4ad6-9yvy/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4ad6-9yvy/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4ad6-9yvy/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4ad6-9yvy/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. ..$ :'data.frame': 4 obs. of  5 variables:
  .. .. ..$ @type          : chr [1:4] "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution" "dcat:Distribution"
  .. .. ..$ downloadURL    : chr [1:4] "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4bfj-e7xg/rows.csv?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4bfj-e7xg/rows.rdf?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4bfj-e7xg/rows.json?accessType=DOWNLOAD" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4bfj-e7xg/rows.xml?accessType=DOWNLOAD"
  .. .. ..$ mediaType      : chr [1:4] "text/csv" "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedBy    : chr [1:4] NA "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4bfj-e7xg/columns.rdf" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4bfj-e7xg/columns.json" "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/4bfj-e7xg/columns.xml"
  .. .. ..$ describedByType: chr [1:4] NA "application/rdf+xml" "application/json" "application/xml"
  .. .. [list output truncated]
  ..$ theme       :List of 1421
  .. ..$ : chr "Biota"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Boundaries"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Society"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Public Safety"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Health and Human Services"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Health and Human Services"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Boundaries"
  .. ..$ : chr "Health and Human Services"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Biota"
  .. ..$ : chr "Transportation"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : chr "Biota"
  .. ..$ : chr "Society"
  .. ..$ : chr "Utility"
  .. ..$ : chr "Demographic"
  .. ..$ : chr "Society"
  .. ..$ : chr "Transportation"
  .. ..$ : chr "Administrative"
  .. ..$ : chr "Planning"
  .. ..$ : chr "Demographic"
  .. ..$ : chr "Public Safety"
  .. ..$ : chr "Elevation"
  .. ..$ : chr "Administrative"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : chr "Health and Human Services"
  .. ..$ : chr "Society"
  .. ..$ : chr "Public Safety"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Public Safety"
  .. ..$ : chr "Planning"
  .. ..$ : chr "Biota"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Biota"
  .. ..$ : chr "Business and Economy"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Agriculture"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Health and Human Services"
  .. ..$ : chr "Health and Human Services"
  .. ..$ : chr "Hydrology"
  .. ..$ : chr "Biota"
  .. ..$ : chr "Education"
  .. ..$ : chr "Public Safety"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Demographic"
  .. ..$ : chr "Health and Human Services"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : chr "Administrative"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : chr "Historic"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : chr "Business and Economy"
  .. ..$ : chr "Society"
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Public Safety"
  .. ..$ : chr "Geoscientific"
  .. ..$ : chr "Health and Human Services"
  .. ..$ : chr "Society"
  .. ..$ : chr "Boundaries"
  .. ..$ : chr "Biota"
  .. ..$ : chr "Business and Economy"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Society"
  .. ..$ : chr "Transportation"
  .. ..$ : chr "Agriculture"
  .. ..$ : NULL
  .. ..$ : chr "Energy and Environment"
  .. ..$ : chr "Health and Human Services"
  .. ..$ : chr "Business and Economy"
  .. ..$ : chr "Transportation"
  .. .. [list output truncated]
  ..$ license     : chr [1:1421] NA NA NA NA ...

Rows: 1,421
Columns: 14
$ accessLevel  <chr> "public", "public", "public", "public", "public", "public…
$ landingPage  <chr> "https://opendata.maryland.gov/d/22u4-qttg", "https://ope…
$ issued       <chr> "2016-07-22", "2021-08-31", "2016-07-22", "2022-09-22", "…
$ `@type`      <chr> "dcat:Dataset", "dcat:Dataset", "dcat:Dataset", "dcat:Dat…
$ modified     <chr> "2020-01-25", "2021-09-01", "2020-01-25", "2022-09-22", "…
$ keyword      <list> <"active pound net sites", "adult habitat", "artificial …
$ contactPoint <df[,3]> <data.frame[26 x 3]>
$ publisher    <df[,2]> <data.frame[26 x 2]>
$ identifier   <chr> "https://opendata.maryland.gov/api/views/22u4-qttg", "…
$ description  <chr> "This is a MD iMAP hosted service. Find more informati…
$ title        <chr> "MD iMAP: Maryland Finfish - Maryland Artificial Reef Ini…
$ distribution <list> [<data.frame[1 x 3]>], <NULL>, [<data.frame[1 x 3]>], <NU…
$ theme        <list> "Biota", <NULL>, "Boundaries", <NULL>, "Society", "Energy…
$ license      <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, …

Using a package like httr2 is essential if you are working with an API directly but there are often packages developed around a specific API or portal provider.

Using the RSocrata package

For example, RSocrata was developed by the City of Chicago for working with Socrata data portals:

Rows: 2,068
Columns: 18
$ unique_identifier                                <chr> "5de7448e708b46508718…
$ dataset_name                                     <chr> "Elected_Officials", …
$ link                                             <chr> "https://maryland.map…
$ state_agency_performing_data_updates             <chr> "NULL", "NULL", "MDP"…
$ owner                                            <chr> "mdimapdatacatalog", …
$ data_provided_by                                 <chr> "NULL", "NULL", "MDP"…
$ source_url                                       <chr> "https://services.arc…
$ update_frequency                                 <chr> "NULL", "Daily", "As …
$ date_of_most_recent_data_change                  <dttm> 1970-01-01, 1970-01-…
$ days_since_last_data_update                      <dbl> -9999, -9999, 3075, 2…
$ date_of_most_recent_view_change_data_or_metadata <dttm> 1970-01-01, 1970-01-…
$ updated_recently_enough                          <chr> "Metadata on update f…
$ number_of_rows                                   <int> -9999, -9999, 1814, 9…
$ tags_keywords                                    <chr> "elected, officials, …
$ update_status                                    <chr> "NULL", "NULL", "OBJE…
$ missing_metadata_fields                          <chr> "NULL", "NULL", "NULL…
$ portal                                           <chr> "Data Catalog", "Data…
$ category                                         <chr> "NULL", "NULL", "Agri…

Interlude: Working with “powerful numbers”

Bouk, Ackermann, and boyd (2022) offer us a primer on thinking about “powerful numbers” and how the work in the world.

Data & Society

Aside: Exploring the “avalanche of printed numbers”

University of Maryland College Park/Internet Archive

Aside: Using the “avalanche of printed numbers”

University of Maryland College Park/Internet Archive

Aside: Extracting tables from images and PDFs

{tesseract} is an R package with bindings for the Tesseract-OCR (optical character recognition) engine.
Tabula is a tool with an interactive user interface for liberating data tables locked inside (text-based) PDF files.
{tabulizer} is an R package for interacting with the Tabula javascript library.

Pew Research Center

Baltimore City Fiscal 2023 Executive Summary Board of Estimates Recommendations

Baltimore Brew

Exploring Maryland iMap

Working with real property data from the Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation

Resources:

Glossary of Terms for the Real Property Data Search, Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation
Maryland Real Property Assessments: Fields Reference

Interludes

Here is a recap of the interlude sections:

Using Tabula and the {tabulizer} R package
Using {officer} to access Word documents

Bouk, Dan, Kevin Ackermann, and danah boyd. 2022. “A Primer on Powerful Numbers: Selected Readings in the Social Study of Public Data and Official Numbers.” https://datasociety.net/library/a-primer-on-powerful-numbers-selected-readings-in-the-social-study-of-public-data-and-official-numbers/.

Accessing open data with R